highereducationestates 23 THE university system in this country is creaking at the seams as never before. Its flawed funding model relies on everincreasing numbers of overseas students to sustain it. Teaching staff engage in longrunning battles with administrators over salary and pensions, causing collateral damage to their students’ future careers. A widely perceived dumbing down of academic standards is devaluing the degree. Too many irrelevant ‘soft’ degrees are awarded, and too few engineering and science degrees. These and other weaknesses are discussed constantly. It's therefore welcome to see Universities UK, in anticipation of the upcoming general election, making a strong case for the sector – and setting out its desire to work more closely with the next government to support a national drive “to achieve stronger economic growth and improve opportunities for individuals and for communities across the whole of the UK.” In the preface to a newly issued manifesto, Universities UK Chief Executive Vivienne Stern says: “It’s clear that the UK faces many challenges. Universities can play an important role in improving many things that matter to voters, and to all political parties. From boosting the health workforce, to bringing wealth to towns and cities around the UK, Universities UK’s manifesto aims to show what universities can do for the country, with the right action from university leaders and from the next government.” The manifesto outlines what the sector needs if it’s to play this role, setting out requests such as: reinstating maintenance grants for those who need them most; ensuring universities are adequately funded to provide high quality teaching; treating R&D as long term capital investment through 10-year funding cycles; and stable and managed growth in international student numbers, backed by a pledge to maintain the graduate route visa. (The manifesto notes international students make a net economic contribution to the UK of around £40bn each year, which it claims benefits the whole of the UK.) Holding out the begging bowl is not a tactic likely to appeal to a cash-strapped government, of which ever political hue. As it is with the equally under-funded schools sector, the country’s parlous finances would seem to preclude substantial financial investment in our universities. Yet, as with schools, the future of our young adults, and ultimately our country, depends on the money being found – somehow – to reinvigorate the sector. The quid pro quo may well be a radical shakeup, with numerous weaker universities merging with stronger bodies or being left to go to the wall. Harsh, but a price worth paying if it opens the way to underpinning this vital sector. Editor Andrew Pring Sales director Julian Walter Production Nicola Cann Design Sandra Cid Managing director Toby Filby The publishers do not necessarily agree with views expressed by contributors and cannot accept responsibility for claims made by manufacturers and authors, nor do they accept any responsibility for any errors in the subject matter of this publication. Publishers Stable Publishing Limited, SBC House, Restmor Way, Wallington, Surrey SM6 7AH, England. t. 020 8288 1080 f. 020 8288 1099 e. [email protected] leader and content Radical solutions – please. All ideas welcome Andrew Pring Editor [email protected] inside this issue M/Apr 2024 26WFH’s impact on academia Arcadis looks at how hybrid working is transforming university campus design. 27HEE Forum Full details of our next Forum, at the Belfry Golf Course on 23-24 May. 28Design Solutions The new Arts Faculty at the University of Warwick brings together for the first time under one roof its seven departments and schools. 31Acoustics Somerville College, Oxford has seen its acoustic performance significantly upgraded thanks to the use of a new ceiling system. 26 28
A693-bed student accommodation - named Winfield Court has just opened in Nottingham. It is the second phase of The Island Quarter, a 36acre mixed-use development that is set to regenerate the southside of Nottingham. The purpose-built student scheme has been formed around the continuing engagement sessions with the Nottingham student community and The Island Quarter, alongside student accommodation provider Fresh. With student population numbers in Nottingham estimated to rise to 66,000 across both Nottingham Trent University and the University of Nottingham by 2025, Winfield Court’s 693 beds will be essential in supporting student infrastructure in Nottingham. This is a rise from 61,000 in 2022, according to Nottingham City Council. Says Mark Cordin, Head of Divisional operations for the central region at Fresh, the third-party operator for Winfield Court: “The Island Quarter site is more than a space filling exercise to remove pressures of student population in the city. Looking at the 36-acre development as a whole, its key aims promote the creation of Nottingham South into a hub of opportunity, industry and culture. With this in mind, the student accommodation is just one cog of a much larger machine.” In what is looking to be a difficult few years ahead for supporting the student population in the UK with accommodation, Nottingham alone is expecting a shortfall of 7,000 student beds. Glasgow opens its £85m Adam Smith Business School THE University of Glasgow has formally opened a state-of-the-art building to house its world-leading Adam Smith Business School. Designed by Hassell Studio, it was constructed at a cost of £85 million, with Multiplex the main contractor. The new building and its Postgraduate Taught (PGT) Hub was opened by Professor Cecilia Rouse, former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers in the White House for the Biden-Harris administration, Katzman-Ernst Professor in Economics and Education at Princeton University, and incoming President of the Brookings Institution. The building contains a range of stateof-the-art teaching, research and collaboration spaces for students and staff from the University’s Adam Smith Business School. It also delivers the first ever dedicated study and social space for the University of Glasgow’s graduate students, meaning the University can better support and promote business skills, employability and graduate attributes across its programmes. The state-of-the-art facilities include a trading environment, simulating the experience of working with financial software in real-world trading roles and a dedicated MBA and Executive Education Suite. Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow, said: “This new building will be a fantastic home for our world-renowned Adam Smith Business School. Opening in Adam Smith’s tercentenary year, it will ensure that Glasgow sustains his legacy by continuing to promote innovation, foster connections across academia, industry and policy, and welcome staff and students from around the world to the city of Glasgow. “The building will also be home to our new Postgraduate Taught Hub, an important resource to support our PGT community. These new facilities will bring our community together in new ways, enabling us to respond to the changing needs of industry and job markets, while placing business skills at the heart of the student experience at Glasgow.” The new Adam Smith Business School Building and Postgraduate Taught (PGT) Hub was opened by Professor Cecilia Rouse, former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers in the White House for the Biden-Harris administration, Katzman-Ernst Professor in Economics and Education at Princeton University, and incoming President of the Brookings Institution New boost for student accommodation in Nottingham’s Island Quarter 24 highereducationestates news
THE University of Portsmouth's Ravelin Sports Centre has won Project of the Year - Leisure at the CIBSE Building Performance Awards 2024, which celebrate engineering excellence in the building industry. Organised by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), the annual award focuses on actual, measured performance outcomes, and not just design intent or performance specifications. Ravelin Sports Centre sets a new benchmark for ultra-low energy sports facilities in the UK. Judges were impressed with its careful, low-carbon design and application of technology to achieve a low-impact leisure centre with sports and swimming facilities. Paul Tilley, University of Portsmouth’s Director of Sport and Recreation, said: “It's another brilliant achievement for Ravelin Sports Centre and the University that this project has been recognised for its ultra-low energy performance and ongoing operation excellence. This solidifies our original aspirations of building a facility of the highest levels of sustainability and user experience.” One of the UK’s most sustainable sports facilities, Ravelin’s features include creating renewable energy from roof solar panels and internal heat recovery systems, grey water recycling methods by reusing wastewater from showers, hand basins and pools for flushing toilets, waste water drainage by creating an urban orchard, and having a biodiverse grassed roof. It has been graded A, the most efficient rating for energy use in buildings. Portsmouth’s sports centre triumphs in CIBSE Awards AFLAGSHIP new university building with groundbreaking sustainability features designed by international MEP consultancy CPW has been handed over to the University of Birmingham. The £80m Molecular Sciences Building will be the base for more than 500 scientists leading the field in world-class research in chemical, environmental and biomolecular sciences. Innovative technology and a range of sustainable solutions have been used throughout the design and construction of the 11,250 sqm²phase 1 of the masterplan, now home to cutting-edge laborotories including 171 high-efficiency fume-cupboards, as well as lecture rooms, offices and collaborative spaces. An experienced design team has collaborated effectively to help the building achieve BREEAM Excellent accreditation and an EPC A [14] rating. The digital-first project includes an impressive two-storey energy centre, created on the edge of the site by CPW to mitigate the impact vibrations on the sensitive experiments and research to be undertaken. The central design achieves a desire for a highly logical building organisation that is focused around an optimised laboratory zone and maximising efficiency for ventilation services. CPW has also used pioneering heat recovery technology to reduce the building’s energy waste and consumption, with the latest air source heat pumps cutting carbon emissions by as much as 70%. Antonios Agapakis, director at CPW, said: “This has been a fantastic opportunity to demonstrate our skills in bringing progressive and sustainable buildings to life, which will have a positive effect on the environment and our net zero carbon ambitions. “It has been a major project involving in-depth collaboration with a number of partners and the result is a world-class facility that can take the university’s research in these pioneering fields to new levels.” The building incorporates many sustainability measures, including: • Renewable electrical energy generation via a rooftop photovoltaic system - this supplies phase 1 with nearly 84,000 kWh of sustainable energy per year • Maximised heat recovery efficiency in ventilation services around the laboratory zone - to reduce the building’s energy waste and consumption • Optimised floorplates and riser geometry to allow efficient air movement - reducing material and embodied carbon within the mechanical elements • Super-efficient air-source heat pumps to decarbonise the building’s energy supply - and provide hot water through reusing heat removed from its cooling load • LED lighting with smart controls and sensors to reduce demand and monitor daylight within rooms - using around 75% less energy, extending the life of fittings and reducing the carbon needed for repairs. The ambitious first phase has been carried out by Morgan Sindall Construction working with CPW, Associated Architects, Ramboll and MGAC. Birmingham opens ultrasustainable Molecular Sciences Building highereducationestates 25 news
The concept of the typical workplace looks very different – and much less rigid – today than a decade ago. Denise Medcraff, Principal at Arcadis, examines how this trend has played out on higher education campuses WORKPLACES at universities have a multifaceted role as employees. Not only do they have a responsibility for the daily running of the establishment, they must also take care of students’ needs and wellbeing. It follows that reimagining campus workplace design should be done with all building users in mind. Hybrid work, sustainability and wellbeing are interlinked and should be at the heart of design decisions to create effective working environments where people want to be. Spaces need to be agile enough to accommodate changes in employee numbers (eg, using partition walls or transferrable furniture to quickly reconfigure spaces) to meet the current and future needs of campuses. It hinges on understanding how spaces will be used at different times and by whom. Collaboration is a vital component of hybrid work as, when employees do come to the office it is less for desk work and more for in-person interactions, brainstorming and team building. In fact, to align with occupiers’ changing needs, targeted communal space in workplaces has shot up from 20-30% pre-pandemic to around 50%. This should inspire how we organise spaces. Arcadis worked with Queen Mary University in London, an early adopter of the hybrid model that wanted to explore new, more flexible ways of working for its professional services team. We were tasked with redesigning the department workspace accordingly and, in doing so, to free up 4,000 sqm of space for more teaching and learning facilities. The workplace strategy was informed by close engagement with employees and department heads. As a result, we sought to foster a connected environment by maximising collaborative, individual and informal breakout zones, with a 4:10 mixed-use workspace sharing ratio. Departments have been vertically structured across the three upper floors with higher volume, ‘itinerant’ and shared areas positioned closer to the vertical circulation routes while desk-based workspaces sit at the perimeter. Furniture is strategically placed to offer choice without full enclosure, encouraging collaboration and communication whilst allowing flexibility and privacy. Furniture and materials were sustainably sourced, with a recycling rate of 98% for wall covering materials, and other sustainability measures include natural ventilation systems and low energy lighting, both of which also improve occupier comfort. Wayfinding is supported by a rich palette of colour, highlighting main circulation points, with secondary palettes featuring natural tones and textures. Open storage walls, meanwhile, create planting spaces, keeping views unrestricted and enhancing the penetration of natural light. The design also incorporates outdoor roof terraces and biophilic elements are woven throughout. Queen Mary University undertook a post-occupancy survey – something that surprisingly few universities do but which yields useful insights to measure return on investment by analysing what’s working well and what requires improvement. A number of significant takeaways emerged, namely: the impact of biophilia; the drive towards smarter, more sustainable and efficient spaces (e.g. BMS controls and lighting sensors, to avoid energy waste and optimise space utilisation); smaller meeting rooms and social collaboration spaces are most popular, particularly quirky ones (think beach huts!); soft furnishings are a must-have but sofas less so; and the need for customisable individual focus spaces (including adjustable chairs, high/low tables, accessible power and USB ports, and technology that facilitates seamless space booking). www.arcadis.com/en-gb How hybrid working is transforming university campus design 26 highereducationestates hybrid working
BUILDING owners and suppliers, architects and contractors will soon be exchanging ideas and developing their supply chain options in the sector’s most friendly and businessefficient environment. The theme of this year’s seminars is: Developing the estate to elevate student experience Topics to be discussed include: • Optimising university estates to maximise student experience and enrolment • Levelling up – accessibility and the university estate • Collaboration with community, councils and university estates to achieve sustainability • Retrofitting heritage university estates • Designing for health and wellbeing of students and tutors on campus • Learning management systems and AI • Lifelong learning and upskilling opportunities • Future of education in a working- fromhome environment, sustainability, multifunctional spaces. Each presentation will be packed with insightful case studies that offer practical and hard-won wisdom from leading professionals. There will be plenty of time to discuss the issues raised. Additionally, if you or a colleague would like to present a topic at the Forum, please contact the organisers, below: they would love to discuss your suggestions and may be able to offer you a slot in our seminar programme. Project Delegates Places are reserved for university, college and higher education estates heads, project managers, contractors, architects who are working on existing campus build projects. As a project delegate, your complimentary place includes 1-2 nights’ executive accommodation, including all receptions, meals and refreshments at 4* hotel accommodation. If you would like to be a Project Delegate at the Belfry, contact Georgie Smith – details below. What is the format? The forum takes place over 1.5 days on May 23 and 24 at Wisham, Warwickshire in the world-famous Belfry Hotel. The format is a unique combination of seminars, 1-1 meetings and engaging networking and social interaction which provide inspiring platforms to create communities that share best practice and build business relationships. Why attend? • Complimentary accommodation in 4* hotel for 1-2 nights • Extensive networking with your peers and potential clients • Seminars presented by leading sector professionals • 1-1 personally selected meetings with innovative suppliers and service providers • Gala dinner and drinks receptions • Directory profile with all contact details of attending delegates • Golf day on 22 May playing off the Brabazon course To see a video about how the forum works visit www.hee-forum.co.uk. This also shows testimonials from past delegates. Event contact details To request to be a speaker at the event contact: Sue Ramcharan, Senior Speaker Coordinator, Stable Events e: [email protected] To register for a complimentary delegate place and learn more about the event please contact: Georgie Smith, Delegate Coordinator, Stable Events e: [email protected] Register TODAY as places are booking up quickly. www.hee-forum.co.uk With just over a month to go until our HE estates forum at the Belfry Hotel, Warwickshire, it’s time to sign up and find out what’s happening in the university estates world HE estates forum at the Belfry in May – still time to join us! highereducationestates 27 event preview
How FCBStudios delivered a building for The University of Warwick that puts collaboration at the heart of the study of the Arts Build lean, build smart and collaborate with the end users THE new Faculty of Arts Building (FAB) designed by Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios (FCBStudios) for the University of Warwick brings together the departments and schools of the Faculty under a single roof for the first time. The Faculty of Arts Building is home to seven departments. Originally spread across the campus in different buildings, they wanted to come together with one identity, creating opportunities for collaboration and a more cohesive programme through their new adjacencies. Designed as a platform for engagement in the arts, the building is shaped by its context at the heart of the campus. Partner at FCBStudios Andy Theobald explains: “Its location at the centre of campus required it to be a pavilion in the round, presenting a façade to all the structures and landscaping around it. At the same time, the intention was to draw students into the building for both formal and informal learning.“ It is composed as four light-filled pavilions grouped around a central stair and sits amongst the mature trees of the University of Warwick’s landscape campus. In order to retain the existing large oaks, pines and poplars the building footprint steps and cranks, positioning it in the landscape, but also bringing a sense of the natural world inside. Says Theobald: “We started with a building that was actually a series of four orthogonal clusters, slightly offset to one another. Responding to diagonal desire lines across campus and visual corridors, we twisted one of the clusters. By doing so, it both opened up a view through to The Oculus to the south, but remarkably it also brought the whole of the interior into a dynamic movement.” The public realm extends into exhibition, social learning and café uses at the ground floor. A dynamic internal street provides a route through the building, providing breakout spaces for the auditoria, theatre spaces and cinema spaces. Large moveable walls provide opportunities for performance or exhibition to flood into the whole of the ground floor. In place of a traditional atrium at ground level, the stair soars through the central void, and provides ample opportunities for serendipitous meetings, collaborations and interaction. Theobald describes the staircase as a central tree: “The bridges and the stairs start to overlap each other as you walk through. They became a remarkable tree like structure, with its branches and boughs linking the four pavilions and all the various departments.” Each pavilion houses teaching spaces, offices and academic clusters. It maximises opportunities for natural materials, natural ventilation and natural daylight, so the building appears to change throughout the day and throughout the seasons. The interior of the building is made up of spaces for ad hoc meetings and dialogue, with benches, alcoves, corners and ledges with artwork, artefacts, and open-access multimedia displays and standardised AV equipment available across the public areas. Rachel Moseley, Vice Provost of the Faculty of Arts at The University of 28 highereducationestates design solutions
Warwick comments: “The building was designed to bring us together to enable interdisciplinary working, research and teaching by putting people in a space where we could encounter each other and have conversations with each other and with the students.” Touchdown spaces and useable edges are maximised. A timber shelf was run in front of the glazed balustrades, which offers itself as a place to take calls, to meet others informally or simply as a place to observe other users of the building. The absence of walls and doors on some of the rooms around the central stair has promoted different ways of teaching and offers opportunities for their use between timetabled use. The spaces are bookable, but in between times act as a kind of reading room, where students happily share the table. Empty and underutilised spaces in the building are minimized in this way. The gaps between the pavilions create slots through which mature trees and surrounding landscapes are framed, and windows (many of them openable), where possible, are oriented into the leaf canopy. There are open, west-facing roof terraces on levels three and five. The current focus on bringing students and staff back to campus is a problem that was already being addressed by the project team during the design phases. Theobald notes: “The pleasure of being in these spaces is intended to ensure that students fully enjoy the opportunity to gather and converse face to face, especially after the restrictions of the last three years.” Rather than separating academic workspace and teaching space across different levels, as is usual within many university buildings, there is a mix of uses on each level. This strategy means that users are invited to every level, encouraging cross-disciplinary collaboration. Close adjacency of teaching space to academic space also provides flexibility for uses to migrate should departments flex and grow over time. The building pioneers an alternative to the standard Higher Education model of academic offices arrayed along long impersonal corridors. Instead, the cluster floorplate allows each department to have its own identifiable department neighbourhood with academic offices focused around a space for gathering, and student social learning spaces in close proximity. Such spaces build upon the sense of belonging and departmental identity felt across the faculty. The brief called for over 180 10 sqm individual cellular offices and a mix of small shared cellular offices. Working with staff and students the office design was optimised down to 7 sqm which enabled the creation of dedicated departmental social learning spaces which form the doorstep to each departmental cluster. The area allocated for shared cellular offices was combined to provide academic studios which form the centre of each cluster. Each individual office retains the same linear area of bookcases as the traditional offices, and each has a fulllength window. One-to-one meetings can take place within the offices, but larger meetings can take place within the cluster. With its distinct form and fluted terracotta façade the building has become a new landmark on campus, a beacon promoting wider engagement with the Arts. David Coates, Assistant Professor in the School of Creative Arts, Performance and Visual Cultures, comments: “You can’t help but be wowed by this building.” www.fcbstudios.com highereducationestates 29 design solutions
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Somerville College upgrades its acoustics ONE of Oxford University’s colleges has seen its acoustic performance significantly upgraded thanks to the use of the StoSilent Direct acoustic ceiling system. It has been installed at Somerville College as part of a major project to upgrade both the acoustics and the lighting of the Grade II listed dining hall. “This was a complex project where the aim was to create a much-improved acoustic environment in the hall,” explains Sto’s acoustics project manager, James Gosling. “The hall is used both for dining and for formal events, so outstanding acoustic performance was a key requirement. The aim was to increase the amount of acoustic attenuation material within the moulded panels of the existing vaulted ceiling, but the chosen acoustic system also had to be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the new lighting system which was being installed. The project demanded close liaison between ourselves, the architect and the applicator in order to design and install the most effective and appropriate solution possible.” Thomas Cotton of Associated Architects explains: “We knew that Sto had worked on similar, historically-sensitive projects in the past, and that experience was a key requirement for us. Refurbishing buildings of this age comes with particular challenges, so it was important that we worked with a proven acoustic ceiling supplier and installer, who understood our requirement for high performance absorption with minimal visual impact.” The chosen system also had to offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of design and installation. Associated Architects were looking for a system that could be applied directly onto the existing structure, but which would have minimal physical and visual impact. This project involved a very significant heritage building and the acoustic boards had to integrate as closely as possible with the existing ceiling beams and surfaces. “The Sto system is extremely adaptable and so it was able to satisfy all these requirements,” comments Harry Austin of Alpine Finishing who installed the acoustic products. “Working together with Sto and Associated Architects was also very beneficial, as we were able to pool our expertise and create a really successful solution.” The StoSilent Direct system offers a particularly economical method of minimising reverberation times and reducing noise levels, as it can be applied directly to walls and ceilings without the need for a sub-construction – a feature which also makes it quick and easy to install. The acoustically porous nature of the materials and finish textures mean that the system is highly sound absorbent and in addition, has a reaction to fire classification of A2-s1, d0 in accordance with EN 13501-1. The Sto system was completed with a StoSilent Top Finish to blend with the existing refurbished ceiling features. This organic, porous finishing coat is trowelapplied, and has an ultra-fine grain size which allows the creation of smooth surfaces across ceiling areas. It is environmentally friendly and is available in a large range of colours, making it compatible with a wide range of architectural and design styles. The wood-panelled Somerville College hall features raised stage areas at either end, and these required a slightly different treatment. Bespoke acoustic modules constructed from Sto’s StoSilent Distance system were created and then installed above the raised platform areas to add extra acoustic attenuation. www.sto.co.uk/s/c/a0KSe000000gFvaMAE/ acoustics www.associated-architects.co.uk www.alpinefinishing.co.uk highereducationestates 31 interiors
University of Warwick goes solar Aztec Solar Energy has recently completed the design, installation and commissioning of phase 1 for a major solar PV installation at the University of Warwick. Nick Jones, project manager at Aztec Solar Energy, outlines the lessons we can learn from a collaborative working relationship to work towards a net zero carbon footprint within the educational sector IN common with many educational establishments, the University of Warwick is committed to reducing its carbon as parts of its net zero pledge. To help it meet this need, Aztec Solar designed and installed solar PV systems on the rooves of six of its buildings. The commitment makes sense not only as part of the university’s efforts to achieve net zero, but at a time of rising energy costs it will help reduce its future expenditure. Installing six large PV systems is a big commitment and at a busy university with 29,000 students plus staff and members of the public potentially on site, both health and safety and minimising disruption were vital factors, particularly during cranage and scaffolding work to get the PV panels and supporting structures onto the rooves. Most of these lifts, scaffold erections and electrical shutdowns to connect the PV system to the supply were done at night. For one building, contractors were on site at 4.00am and because the project included six buildings all completed in just nine months, there was also a separate secure onsite compound for storage. The design and specification for the installation was also complex. Aztec Solar had to consider the different roof types and their load bearing capacity and key safety issues for the installation and the future operations and maintenance of the systems. Solar PV systems will last for 25 years and longer so when designing and installing a system you must look beyond the initial installation and consider the total lifecycle of the system. This is to ensure both ongoing efficient production and the safety of both maintenance personnel and emergency services such as firefighters who may need access to the roof. Solar panels will carry on generating electricity even in cloudy weather and typically have an output voltage of 30-60V. Connecting these together in a string creates a high voltage of up to 1000Vdc on a big installation which can be dangerous. Traditional string inverters cannot reduce this DC voltage even if they are turned off. Fortunately, modern inverter technology, like the SolarEdge system used at Warwick University, has power optimisers, inverters and individual monitoring on each PV module. This allows for the automatic shutdown of PV arrays and lowers and maintains the voltage in all DC conductors below 50V and to 1V per module for either maintenance or in an emergency. The lesson is to make sure that you know what your installer is fitting. The installation at the University of Warwick also provides fire-fighter breaks between panels for access in the event of an emergency and for future maintenance, whether that’s for cleaning, repair or even replacement. With an eye to the future, the university can monitor the system for faults. If maintenance personnel identify a fault, then thanks to careful planning, they can locate the exact panel or other equipment on the roof to save time. To date Aztec Solar has installed 2009 panels. These will generate an estimated 795MWh per year, which is the equivalent of 7058 trees. Phase 2 of the project will start in 2024 when up to 14 more buildings will have PV systems installed on their rooves. www.aztecsolarenergy.co.uk 32 highereducationestates solar energy
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